All of the above.
Ones that show they are worth promoting and people that apply for them if the feel they have earned it. If you want a promotion then talk to your boss and see if you're qualified for one.
Business is politics, you have to know the right people, and do your job. So if you want a promotion network so your boss notices you
It depends on who the boss is and how they perceive their employees.
Typically, people that earn them.
generally the people that show they are worth it